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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted associations of patient and physician’s characteristics with high utilization of gastroscopy

From: Correlates of gastroenterology health-services utilization among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a large database analysis

Variable

Unadjusted OR

(95% CI)

P value

Adjusted OR

(95% CI)

P value*

Sex, females vs. males

1.06 (1.02–1.11)

0.003

0.99 (0.95–1.04)

0.7

Age, years

Df = 5

< 0.001

Df = 5

< 0.001

 19–34

Reference

 

Reference

 

 35–44

1.53 (1.39–1.69)

< 0.001

1.33 (1.20–1.47)

< 0.001

 45–54

2.62 (2.40–2.86)

< 0.001

2.03 (1.85–2.23)

< 0.001

 55–64

3.32 (3.05–3.62)

< 0.001

2.30 (2.09–2.52)

< 0.001

 65–74

3.57 (3.27–3.90)

< 0.001

2.22 (2.01–2.46)

< 0.001

 75+

2.85 (2.58–3.14)

< 0.001

1.55 (1.38–1.74)

< 0.001

Country of birth

Df = 4

< 0.001

Df = 4

< 0.001

 Israel

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Former Soviet Union

1.92 (1.83–2.01)

< 0.001

1.39 (1.32–1.46)

< 0.001

 Asia/North Africa

1.30 (1.19–1.42)

< 0.001

1.01 (0.92–1.12)

0.8

 Europe/Americas

1.21 (1.12–1.31)

< 0.001

0.92 (0.84–1.00)

0.05

 Other/ unknown

1.34 (1.20–1.51)

< 0.001

1.02 (0.90–1.16)

0.7

Residential district

Df = 5

< 0.001

Df = 5

< 0.001

 Center

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Jerusalem

2.00 (1.82–2.19)

< 0.001

2.27 (2.02–2.54)

< 0.001

 North

1.51 (1.40–1.64)

< 0.001

1.49 (1.36–1.63)

< 0.001

 Haifa

1.51 (1.40–1.62)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.32–1.57)

< 0.001

 Tel Aviv

0.74 (0.69–0.80)

< 0.001

0.73 (0.68–0.78)

< 0.001

 South

2.38 (2.25–2.52)

< 0.001

2.43 (2.26–2.61)

< 0.001

SES of place of residence

 Middle/High (5–10)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Low (1–4)

1.28 (1.21–1.35)

< 0.001

1.04 (0.97–1.12)

0.25

Background diseases

 Heart disease (reference = no)

1.51 (1.44–1.59)

< 0.001

1.12 (1.05–1.18)

< 0.001

 Hypertension (reference = no)

1.71 (1.64–1.78)

< 0.001

1.01 (0.96–1.06)

0.7

 Diabetes (reference = no)

1.62 (1.54–1.71)

< 0.001

1.14 (1.07–1.21)

< 0.001

Number of PPIs purchases

 Low (0–8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 High (9+)

2.83 (2.71–2.95)

< 0.001

2.43 (2.31–2.54)

< 0.001

Primary care physician board certification

Df = 3

< 0.001

Df = 3

< 0.001

 Family medicine

Reference

 

Reference

 

 None

1.20 (1.14–1.26)

< 0.001

0.94 (0.88–1.00)

0.03

 Internal medicine

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.003

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

0.6

 Other

1.22 (1.06–1.40)

0.005

1.14 (0.98–1.32)

0.09

Board certification of the clinic physician-manager

Df = 4

< 0.001

Df = 4

< 0.001

 Family medicine

Reference

 

Reference

 

 None

1.77 (1.63–1.91)

< 0.001

1.27 (1.16–1.39)

< 0.001

 Internal medicine

0.95 (0.88–1.03)

0.2

0.95 (0.87–1.03)

0.2

 Medical director

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

0.7

0.90 (0.83–0.97)

0.004

 Other

0.91 (0.85–0.98)

0.009

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

0.3

Primary care physician seniority

 Low (0–8 years)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 High (9–43 years)

0.93 (0.90–0.97)

0.001

0.99 (0.94–1.04)

0.7

  1. CI confidence interval, Df degrees of freedom, OR odds ratio, PPIs proton pump inhibitors, SES socioeconomic status
  2. Missing data: Residential district (205 patients); SES (3733 patients)
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Israel Journal of Health Policy Research

ISSN: 2045-4015