Table 4 Associations of patient and physician’s characteristics with high utilization of visits to a gastroenterology consultant
Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, females vs. males | 1.32 (1.28–1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.38–1.48) | < 0.001 |
Age, years | Df = 5 | < 0.001 | Df = 5 | < 0.001 |
19–34 | Reference | Reference | ||
35–44 | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.2 | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 0.9 |
45–54 | 1.14 (1.07–1.21) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.2 |
55–64 | 1.61 (1.52–1.70) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 0.001 |
65–74 | 2.42 (2.29–2.56) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.30–1.49) | < 0.001 |
75+ | 3.88 (3.63–4.14) | < 0.001 | 1.81 (1.66–1.96) | < 0.001 |
Country of birth | Df = 4 | < 0.001 | Df = 4 | < 0.001 |
Israel | Reference | Reference | ||
Former Soviet Union | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 0.054 | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) | < 0.001 |
Asia/North Africa | 1.79 (1.68–1.91) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | < 0.001 |
Europe/Americas | 1.45 (1.36–1.53) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | 0.01 |
Other/ unknown | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.9 |
Residential district | Df = 5 | < 0.001 | Df = 5 | < 0.001 |
Center | Reference | Reference | ||
Jerusalem | 2.23 (2.07–2.41) | < 0.001 | 2.10 (1.92–2.30) | < 0.001 |
North | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.09 | 0.81 (0.75–0.88) | < 0.001 |
Haifa | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | < 0.001 |
Tel Aviv | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.009 | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.8 |
South | 1.31 (1.24–1.37) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.17–1.31) | < 0.001 |
SES of place of residence | ||||
Middle/High (5–10) | Reference | Reference | ||
Low (1–4) | 1.33 (1.27–1.38) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.80–0.89) | < 0.001 |
Background diseases | ||||
Heart disease (reference = no) | 3.10 (2.98–3.23) | < 0.001 | 2.28 (2.18–2.39) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension (reference = no) | 1.99 (1.93–2.06) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.19–1.29) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes (reference = no) | 2.00 (1.92–2.09) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.22–1.35) | < 0.001 |
Number of PPIs purchases | ||||
Low (0–8) | Reference | Reference | ||
High (9+) | 1.94 (1.88–2.00) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.42–1.53) | < 0.001 |
Primary care physician board certification | Df = 3 | < 0.001 | Df = 3 | < 0.001 |
Family medicine | Reference | Reference | ||
None | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.5 | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) | 0.01 |
Internal medicine | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.2 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.7 |
Other | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 0.6 | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.9 |
Board certification of the clinic physician-manager | Df = 4 | < 0.001 | Df = 4 | < 0.001 |
Family medicine | Reference | Reference | ||
None | 1.33 (1.24–1.41) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.37–1.59) | < 0.001 |
Internal medicine | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.001 | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.05 |
Medical Director | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 0.01 | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.8 |
Other | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.2 |
Primary care physician seniority | ||||
Low (0–8 years) | Reference | Reference | ||
High (9–43 years) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.001 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 0.3 |