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Table 1 Having any out-of-pocket expenditures on dental care by demographic and socioeconomic household characteristics

From: Factors associated with disparities in out-of-pocket expenditure on dental care: results from two cross-sectional national surveys

Characteristics

Survey year

2014

2018

Overall

Any dental OOPE

P

Overall

Any dental OOPE

P

N

(%)

No (%)

Yes (%)

N

(%)

No (%)

Yes (%)

 

8283

(100)

5925 (72.0)

2358 (28.0)

 

8792

(100)

6091 (69.6)

2701 (30.4)

 

Sex†,

    

< 0.001

    

0.017

 Male

5232

(64.9)

63.5

68.5

5465

(64.8)

63.9

66.9

 Female

3051

(35.1)

36.5

31.5

3327

(35.2)

36.1

33.1

Any household members aged 0–14,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 Yes

3480

(41.0)

38.5

47.6

3547

(40.8)

37.4

48.5

 No

4803

(59.0)

61.5

52.4

5245

(59.2)

62.6

51.5

Any household members aged 65+,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 Yes

2210

(25.9)

27.7

21.2

2628

(27.9)

29.6

23.7

 No

6073

(74.1)

72.3

78.8

6164

(72.1)

70.4

76.3

Marital Status†,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 Married

5137

(60.0)

57.8

65.7

5359

(59.4)

56.2

66.7

 Single

1501

(20.5)

20.7

19.8

1671

(21.0)

22.0

18.4

 Divorced/Separated

1005

(11.9)

12.9

9.3

1097

(12.1)

12.9

10.4

 Widowed

640

(7.6)

8.6

5.2

660

(7.5)

8.9

4.5

Ethnic group†,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 Jews, of which:

6853

(83.1)

84.1

80.7

7298

(81.5)

82.5

79.2

 Born in Israel

4111

(50.7)

49.5

53.7

4532

(51.0)

50.0

53.0

 Immigrants before 1990

1334

(15.9)

16.4

14.4

1259

(13.9)

15.1

11.2

 Immigrants between 1990 and 2000

1048

(12.3)

13.3

10.0

1014

(11.5)

11.7

11.0

 Immigrants after 2000

360

(4.2)

4.9

2.6

493

(5.2)

5.6

4.1

 Arabs

1103

(13.0)

11.4

17.2

1145

(14.5)

13.1

17.9

 Others

327

(3.9)

4.5

2.1

349

(4.0)

4.4

2.9

Religiosity,

    

0.1

    

0.067

 Secular

3826

(47.2)

47.8

45.7

4055

(46.7)

47.1

45.8

 Traditional

2194

(27.5)

27.0

28.9

2370

(27.8)

28.2

27.0

 Religious

1106

(12.8)

12.7

13.0

1185

(13.2)

13.0

13.7

 Very religious/ultra-Orthodox

633

(6.1)

5

6.8

786

(7.2)

6.6

8.6

 Mixed lifestyle

524

(6.3)

6.6

5.6

396

(5.0)

5.1

4.9

Periphery index,

    

0.008

    

0.3

 Peripheral

1226

(13.1)

12.4

15.0

1484

(15.8)

15.5

16.5

 Non-peripheral

7057

(86.9)

87.6

85.1

7308

(84.2)

84.5

83.5

Income deciles,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 1–2 (Low)

1767

(19.2)

19.6

18.3

1811

(20.0)

21.0

17.7

 3–4

1683

(19.8)

20.5

18.0

1781

(20.0)

20.6

18.6

 5–6

1576

(20.2)

20.8

18.9

1718

(20.0)

20.2

19.6

 7–8

1594

(20.4)

20.7

19.6

1716

(20.0)

20.1

19.7

 9–10 (High)

1663

(20.4)

18.5

25.2

1766

(20.0)

18.1

24.4

Years of education‡,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 0

88

(1.1)

1.1

1.1

113

(1.2)

1.3

0.8

 1–8

432

(4.7)

5.5

2.7

399

(4.7)

5.6

2.8

 9–12

2543

(32.0)

32.3

31.1

2597

(30.7)

32.1

27.5

 13–15

1855

(22.5)

23.7

19.3

1854

(21.2)

21.8

19.8

 16+

3365

(39.7)

37.4

45.8

3829

(42.2)

39.2

49.0

SES index#,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 1 (Low)

590

(6.2)

5.1

9.0

654

(7.1)

6.2

9.2

 2

1859

(22.6)

21.5

25.2

1882

(21.5)

21.3

21.9

 3

3339

(39.9)

42.6

33.1

3624

(41.7)

43.5

37.6

 4

2391

(30.1)

29.8

30.8

2505

(28.5)

27.8

29.9

 5 (High)

104

(1.2)

1.0

1.7

127

(1.2)

1.2

1.4

Ownership of an apartment,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 Yes

5717

(67.9)

65.7

73.7

6030

(66.5)

64.1

71.9

 No

2566

(32.1)

34.3

26.3

2762

(33.5)

35.9

28.1

Ownership of a car,

    

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 No

2606

(30.8)

33.7

23.2

2489

(27.9)

31.8

19.0

 One car

3760

(44.8)

44.2

46.6

3990

(45.7)

45.1

46.8

 Two cars or more

1917

(24.4)

22.1

30.3

2313

(26.5)

23.1

34.1

Ownership of supplementary health insurance,

    

1.0

    

< 0.001

 Yes

6978

(84.1)

84.2

84.1

7394

(82.3)

80.9

85.3

 No

1305

(15.9)

15.8

15.9

1398

(17.7)

19.1

14.7

  1. OOPE out-of-pocket expenditure, SES socioeconomic status
  2. Notes: Dental care includes dental treatments, orthodontics, oral surgery and dental imaging; Percentages are weighted in order to represent the entire Israeli population; Income deciles are based on net income per standard person deciles, including cash income (i.e. from work, property, pensions, interest or dividends and allowances), as well as non-cash income (i.e. from housing and cars owned by the household), after deducting compulsory payments (income tax, national insurance and health insurance tax); Peripherality index incorporates the potential accessibility of the locality as well as its proximity to the boundary of the Tel Aviv District; Supplementary insurance includes supplemental insurance of the health plans, private commercial health insurance, private dental insurance, long-term care insurance and other private health insurance
  3. † Defined according to the primary earner
  4. ‡ Defined according to the highest between the primary earner and his/her spouse
  5. # Defined according to the locality in which the household resides
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Israel Journal of Health Policy Research

ISSN: 2045-4015