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Table 3 Association of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics with the likelihood for reporting any out-of-pocket expenditure for dental care: multivariate analysis

From: Factors associated with disparities in out-of-pocket expenditure on dental care: results from two cross-sectional national surveys

Independent variable

Survey year

2014

2018

OR

95% CI

P

OR

95% CI

P

Sex

  

0.6

  

0.022

 Female

1.00

Ref. cat.

1.00

Ref. cat.

 Male

0.97

(0.85–1.11)

0.86

(0.76–0.98)

Marital status

  

0.3

  

0.6

 Single

1.00

Ref. cat.

1.00

Ref. cat.

 Married

0.86

(0.72–1.02)

1.05

(0.89–1.24)

 Divorced/Separated

0.83

(0.66–1.05)

1.01

(0.75–1.34)

 Widowed

0.89

(0.66–1.19)

1.01

(0.75–1.34)

Religiosity level

  

0.5

  

0.2

 Secular

1.00

Ref. cat.

1.00

Ref. cat.

 Traditional

1.04

(0.90–1.20)

0.92

(0.80–1.06)

 Religious

0.94

(0.77–1.14)

0.98

(0.81–1.17)

 Very religious/ultra-Orthodox

1.10

(0.85–1.43)

1.22

(0.96–1.54)

 Mixed lifestyle

0.85

(0.65–1.10)

0.88

(0.66–1.17)

Years of education

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 0–8

1.00

Ref. cat.

1.00

Ref. cat.

 9–12

1.27

(0.93–1.72)

1.29

(0.95–1.77)

 13–15

1.27

(0.92–1.75)

1.50

(1.09–2.08)

 16+

1.72

(1.25–2.37)

1.81

(1.32–2.49)

Income deciles

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 1–2 (Low)

1.00

Ref. cat.

1.00

Ref. cat.

 3–4

1.15

(0.93–1.42)

1.19

(0.98–1.45)

 5–6

1.26

(1.00–1.59)

1.30

(1.05–1.61)

 7–8

1.28

(1.00–1.63)

1.25

(0.99–1.56)

 9–10 (High)

1.76

(1.36–2.28)

1.74

(1.37–2.22)

Peripherality index

  

0.040

  

0.7

 Non-peripheral

1.00

Ref. cat.

1.00

Ref. cat.

 Peripheral

1.19

(1.01–1.41)

0.97

(0.83–1.16)

Ownership of an apartment

  

0.8

  

0.9

 No

1.00

Ref. cat.

1.00

Ref. cat.

 Yes

0.98

(0.85–1.14)

1.01

(0.87–1.16)

Ownership of a car

  

0.2

  

0.008

 No

1.00

Ref. cat.

1.00

Ref. cat.

 One car

1.17

(0.99–1.38)

1.28

(1.08–1.50)

 Two cars or more

1.19

(0.96–1.47)

1.36

(1.11–1.67)

Ethnicity

Interaction results are presented in Table 4

0.003

  

< 0.001

 Jewish

1.00

Ref. cat.

 Arab

1.77

(1.43–2.18)

 Other

0.87

(0.64–1.19)

Ownership of supplementary health insurance

  

0.022

 No

1.00

Ref. cat.

 Yes

1.25

(1.03–1.51)

  1. OR odds-ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref. cat. reference category
  2. Notes: Weighted models, adjusted for the age composition of the household; c-Statistic = 0.641 (95%CI: 0.628–0.654) for 2014 survey and 0.646 (95%CI: 0.634–0.658) for 2018 survey; Income deciles are based on net income per standard person deciles, including cash income (i.e. from work, property, pensions, interest or dividends and allowances), as well as non-cash income (i.e. from housing and cars owned by the household), after deducting compulsory payments (income tax, national insurance and health insurance tax); Peripherality index incorporates the potential accessibility of the locality as well as its proximity to the boundary of the Tel Aviv District; Supplementary insurance includes supplemental insurance of the health plans, private commercial health insurance, private dental insurance, long-term care insurance and other private health insurance
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Israel Journal of Health Policy Research

ISSN: 2045-4015