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Table 5 Association of demographic and socioeconomic characteristic with the level of out-of-pocket expenditure for dental care: multivariate analysis

From: Factors associated with disparities in out-of-pocket expenditure on dental care: results from two cross-sectional national surveys

Independent variable

Survey year

2014

2018

OOPE for dental care

P

OOPE for dental care

P

Log coefficient (SE)

% change (95% CI)

Log coefficient (SE)

% change (95% CI)

Sex

  

0.1

  

0.7

 Female

0

Ref. cat

0

Ref. cat

 Male

−0.134 (0.084)

−12.50 (−25.80–3.18)

−0.029 (0.073)

− 2.86 (− 15.86–12.15)

Marital Status

  

0.2

  

0.2

 Single

0

Ref. cat.

0

Ref. cat

 Married

0.235 (0.113)

26.45 (1.40–57.67)

0.222 (0.102)

24.86 (2.16–52.61)

 Divorced/Separated

0.162 (0.166)

17.54 (−15.17–62.86)

0.180 (0.133)

19.74 (−7.67–55.29)

 Widowed

0.045 (0.204)

4.62 (−29.83–55.98)

0.215 (0.185)

24.05 (−13.64–78.18)

Ethnicity

  

0.017

  

< 0.001

 Jewish

0

Ref. cat.

0

Ref. cat

 Arab

0.418 (0.151)

51.93 (12.93–104.39)

0.598 (0.121)

81.85 (43.49–130.45)

 Other

−0.106 (0.192)

−10.09 (−38.29–30.99)

0.199 (0.177)

22.03 (−13.76–72.67)

Religiosity level

  

0.5

  

0.064

 Secular

0

Ref. cat.

0

Ref. cat

 Traditional

0.040 (0.093)

4.11 (−13.18–24.83)

0.211 (0.085)

23.45 (4.47–45.88)

 Religious

−0.136 (0.126)

−12.75 (−31.90–11.78)

0.019 (0.106)

1.94 (−17.15–25.43)

 Very religious/Orthodox

−0.065 (0.164)

−6.30 (−32.06–29.23)

0.222 (0.131)

24.88 (−3.41–61.45)

 Mixed lifestyle

0.169 (0.164)

18.40 (−14.08–63.16)

0.166 (0.173)

18.11 (−15.91–65.88)

Income deciles

  

0.3

  

0.004

 1–2 (Low)

0

Ref. cat.

0

Ref. cat

 3–4

0.050 (0.126)

5.09 (−17.90–34.51)

0.200 (0.112)

22.15 (−1.97–52.19)

 5–6

0.081 (0.149)

8.47 (−18.97–45.21)

0.298 (0.124)

34.72 (5.72–71.68)

 7–8

0.238 (0.152)

26.87 (−5.78–70.83)

0.488 (0.133)

62.89 (25.62–111.21)

 9–10 (High)

0.231 (0.156)

26.00 (−7.23–71.14)

0.487 (0.143)

62.78 (23.10–115.26)

Peripherality index

  

< 0.001

  

0.09

 Non-peripheral

0

Ref. cat.

0

Ref. cat

 Peripheral

0.408 (0.111)

50.40 (20.90–87.10)

0.150 (0.088)

16.13 (−2.36–38.14)

Ownership of an apartment

  

0.6

  

0.2

 No

0

Ref. cat.

0

Ref. cat

 Yes

0.054 (0.098)

5.59 (−12.80–27.85)

−0.121 (0.088)

−11.37 (− 25.37–5.27)

Ownership of a car

  

0.4

  

0.2

 No

0

Ref. cat.

0

Ref. cat

 One car

0.074 (0.106)

7.65 (−12.51–32.45)

−0.147 (0.099)

−13.65 (−28.91–4.88)

 Two cars or more

−0.046 (0.129)

−4.47 (− 25.84–23.05)

− 0.198 (0.121)

−17.94 (−35.26–4.01)

Years of education

  

0.4

Interaction results are presented in Table 6

0.009

 0–8

0

Ref. cat.

 9–12

0.138 (0.205)

14.84 (−23.23–71.81)

 13–15

−0.006 (0.231)

−0.56 (−36.37–56.47)

 16+

−0.024 (0.218)

−2.34 (−36.37–49.88)

Ownership of supplementary health insurance

  

0.043

 No

0

Ref. cat.

 Yes

0.253 (0.125)

28.80 (0.76–64.63)

  1. OOPE out-of-pocket expenditure, SE standard error, CI confidence interval, Ref. cat. reference category
  2. Notes: Weighted models, adjusted for the age composition of the household; Adjusted R-square = 0.068 for 2014 and 0.063 for 2018; % change in USD, as calculated by the formula: (eβ-1) × 100; Income deciles are based on net income per standard person deciles, including cash income (i.e. from work, property, pensions, interest or dividends and allowances), as well as non-cash income (i.e. from housing and cars owned by the household), after deducting compulsory payments (income tax, national insurance and health insurance tax); Peripherality index incorporates the potential accessibility of the locality as well as its proximity to the boundary of the Tel Aviv District; Supplementary insurance includes supplemental insurance of the health plans, private commercial health insurance, private dental insurance, long-term care insurance and other private health insurance