Table 1 Comparison between Spain and Israel

Economic development: GDP per capita (2019)^a

41,758$

41,678$

Human development index (2019)^b

0.893

0.906

Health expenditure as percent of GDP (2018)^a

8.86%

7.46%

Government/compulsory schemes as percent of all health expenditure (2018)^a

70.47%

63.78%

Character of the state

Central state with devolution of power and responsibilities to regional autonomies

Unitary and centralized state

Parliamentarian and electoral systems

Bi-cameral, 52 provincial circumscriptions

Uni-cameral, single circumscription

Citizenship

universal but challenged by national segregationist movements

ethno-national

Characteristics of the welfare system

Development of the health care system

Medical professional culture

European and identified with the welfare system

European roots, growing American influence