Socio-demographic and health-related variables | Distribution of population’s characteristics by gender (%) | Rates of high psychological distress (mean global GHQ-12 score = ≥17), by gender | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | P value for gender differences within each sub-category | |
N (%) 971 (48.1) | N (%) 1047 (51.9) | N % 2018 (100) | N (%) 277 (28.5) | N (%) 430 (41.1) | N (%) 707 (35.0) | ||
 | χ2 = 34.8; df = 1; p = < 0.001 | ||||||
Age | |||||||
 18–24 | 137 (14.1) | 167 (16.0) | 304 (15.1) | 34 (24.8) | 50 (29.9) | 84 (27.6) | .320 |
 25–34 | 237 (24.4) | 285 (27.2) | 522 (25.9) | 64 (27.0) | 90 (31.6) | 154 (29.5) | .254 |
 35–44 | 249 (25.6) | 228 (21.8) | 477 (23.6) | 55 (22.1) | 82 (36.0) | 137 (28.7) | .001 |
 45–64 | 250 (25.7) | 249 (23.8) | 499 (24.7) | 73 (29.2) | 119 (47.8) | 192 (38.5) | .000 |
 65≥ | 98 (10.1) | 118 (11.3) | 216 (10.7) | 51 (52.0) | 89 (75.4) | 140 (64.8) | .000 |
 | χ2 = 7.301; | df = 4; | p = .121 | χ2 = 109; df = 4; p = < 0.001 |  | ||
Educational level | |||||||
 No education | 86 (8.9) | 134 (12.9) | 220 (10.9) | 45 (52.3) | 97 (72.4) | 142 (64.5) | .002 |
 Primary school | 272 (28.3) | 270 (26.1) | 542 (26.9) | 95 (34.9) | 142 (52.6) | 237 (43.7) | .000 |
 Partial high-school | 272 (28.3) | 46 (23.8) | 518 (25.7) | 75 (27.6) | 84 (34.1) | 159 (30.7) | .105 |
 High-school dipa | 211 (22.0) | 256 (24.7) | 467 (23.1) | 35 (16.6) | 69 (27.0) | 104 (22.2) | .007 |
 Academic | 120 (12.5) | 129 (12.5) | 249 (12.3) | 26 (21.7) | 33 (25.6) | 59 (23.7) | .468 |
 Missing | 10 | 12 | 22 (1.1) |  |  |  |  |
 | χ2 = 13.722; | df = 4 | P = .008 | χ2 = 153.8; df = 4; p = < 0.001 |  | ||
Poverty line | |||||||
 Above | 440 (52.1) | 432 (48.6) | 872 (43.2) | 116 (26.4) | 146 (33.8) | 262 (30.0) | .017 |
 Below | 404 (47.9) | 457 (51.4) | 861 (42.7) | 131 (32.4) | 208 (45.5) | 339 (39.4) | .000 |
 Missing | 127 | 158 | 285 (14.1) |  |  |  |  |
 | χ2 = 2.169; | df = 1; | p = .141 | χ2 = 16.6; df = 1; p = < 0.001 |  | ||
District | |||||||
 Northern District | 515 (53.0) | 545 (52.1) | 1060 (52.5) | 117 (22.7) | 192 (36.1) | 309 (29.5) | .001 |
 Haifa District | 190 (19.6) | 214 (20.4) | 404 (20.0) | 47 (24.7) | 88 (41.7) | 135 (33.7) | .001 |
 Central District | 142 (14.6) | 147 (14.0) | 289 (14.3) | 55 (38.7) | 77 (52.7) | 132 (45.8) | .017 |
 Southern District | 124 (12.8) | 141 (13.5) | 265 (13.1) | 58 (46.8) | 73 (52.5) | 131 (49.8) | .248 |
 | χ2 = .596 | df = 3 | p = .899 | χ2 = 37.364; df = 3; p = < 0.001 |  | ||
BMI | |||||||
 Low/healthy | 299 (31.4) | 463 (46.5) | 762 (37.8) | 86 (28.8) | 159 (34.3) | 245 (32.2) | .107 |
 Overweight | 496 (52.2) | 348 (35.0) | 844 (41.8) | 134 (27.0) | 143 (41.1) | 277 (32.8) | .000 |
 Obese | 156 (16.4) | 184 (18.5) | 340 (16.8) | 51 (32.7) | 108 (58.7) | 159 (46.8) | .000 |
 Missing | 20 | 52 | 72 (3.6) |  |  |  |  |
 | χ2 = 62.592 | df = 4; | p = < 0.001 | χ2 = 25.3; df = 2; p = < 0.001 |  | ||
Chronic disease | |||||||
 None | 685 (71.1) | 714 (68.7) | 1399 (69.3) | 158 (23.1) | 221 (31.0) | 379 (27.1) | .001 |
 One | 134 (13.9) | 125 (12.0) | 259 (12.8) | 48 (35.8) | 70 (56.0) | 118 (45.6) | .001 |
 Two or more | 144 (15.0) | 200 (19.2) | 344 (17.0) | 66 (45.8) | 135 (67.5) | 201 (58.4) | .000 |
 Missing | 8 | 8 | 16 (0.8) |  |  |  |  |
 | χ2 = 7.155; | df = 2 | p = .028 | χ2 = 134.4; df = 2;p = < 0.001 |  |