Timing, extent and outcomes of public health measures in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel and a comparative analysis by socioeconomic indices

Table 1 Pre-pandemic characteristics in study countries, Israel, OECD, and non-OECD countries *OECD vs. non-OECD countries

Pre-pandemic characteristic	All countries (n = 50)		Israel		OECD ^a (n = 38)		Non-OECD ^b (n = 12)		p-value*
Pre-pandemic characteristic	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	Score	Rank- among all countries (50)/OECD (38)	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	p-value*
EIU democracy index ^c12	7.52 (1.62)	7.80 (6.89–8.71)	7.86	25 / 25	8.09 (1.11)	8.06 (7.50–9.05)	5.72 (1.71)	6.17 (3.66–6.99)	< 0.001
GDP per capita (USD) ^d13	33,697 (25,242)	27,676 (12,075–49,136)	43,641	18 / 16	39,444 (23,951)	40,370 (19,424-51,820)	15,498 (20,815)	8262 (1888–21,652)	0.001
Educational attainment^e14	31.18 (14.27)	30.60 (19.80–40.30)	47.10	6 / 5	34.78 (12.23)	34.10 (25.73–43.08)	19.80 (14.75)	14.65 (10.73–26.83)	0.001
Trust (percentage) ^f,17	32.98 (17.78)	30.95 (21.18–41.08)	22.90	35 / 29	36.10 (18.38)	33.70 (23.40-49.15)	22.48 (10.61)	22.90 (16.6–30.80)	0.024
Hospital beds per 1,000 population ^15,16	4.05 (2.57)	3.06 (2.51–5.61)	2.98	27 / 22	4.35 (2.67)	3.31 (2.60–5.75)	3.11 (2.05)	2.30 (1.6–4.98)	0.049

^aOECD countries included: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
^bNon-OECD countries included: Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Russia, Rwanda, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand.
^cEIU democracy index: 0–4=authoritarian regime; 4–6=hybrid regime; 6–8= flawed democracy; 8–10= full democracy
^dGDP per capita adjusted per purchasing power parity in USD
^eEducational attainment: percentage of population above the age of 25 with upper secondary education
^fTrust: percent of people agreeing with the phrase "most people can be trusted". n=48/37 no available score for Costa Rica and Kenya

ISSN: 2045-4015