Health warning labels on heated tobacco products and their impact on use intentions and risk perceptions: a cross-sectional study of adult tobacco users in the US and Israel

Table 3 Multivariable linear regression analyses examining noticing HWL and their effects in relation to HTP use intentions and risk perceptions among current tobacco users who were aware of HTPs (n = 424)

	Use intentions		Risk perceptions
	Use intentions		Addictiveness		Harm
	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
HWL effect (Ref: No effect)^
Didn't notice	0.04	− 0.51, 0.60	− 0.11	− 0.68, 0.46	− 0.05	− 0.60, 0.50
Concerned	0.46	0.03, 0.89	0.16	− 0.28, 0.60	0.17	− 0.26, 0.59
Reassured	0.94	0.47, 1.41	− 0.24	− 0.73, 0.24	− 0.32	− 0.78, 0.14
Current tobacco use status
Cigarettes (Ref: no)	0.90	0.48, 1.32	0.45	0.02, 0.88	0.34	− 0.07, 0.75
E-cigarettes (Ref: no)	1.07	0.72, 1.41	− 0.03	− 0.39, 0.33	− 0.11	− 0.46, 0.23
Heated tobacco products (Ref: no)	0.97	0.56, 1.38	− 0.90	− 1.33, − 0.48	− 1.09	− 1.49, − 0.68
Other tobacco products* (Ref: no)	0.30	− 0.07, 0.66	− 0.15	− 0.52, 0.22	− 0.10	− 0.46, 0.25
Demographics
Israel (Ref: US)	0.61	0.21, 1.00	− 0.06	− 0.46, 0.35	0.00	− 0.38, 0.39
Age (Ref: 36–45)
18–25	− 0.28	− 0.74, 0.19	− 0.57	− 1.05, − 0.10	− 0.31	− 0.77, 0.14
26–35	− 0.32	− 0.71, 0.07	0.01	− 0.39, 0.42	− 0.09	− 0.47, 0.30
Female (Ref: male)	0.55	0.19, 0.92	0.14	− 0.24, 0.51	0.25	− 0.10, 0.61
Sexual minorities (Ref: heterosexual)	− 0.15	− 0.63, 0.33	− 0.21	− 0.70, 0.29	− 0.60	− 1.07, − 0.12
< College degree (Ref: ≥ college degree)	0.33	− 0.03, 0.69	− 0.33	− 0.69, 0.04	− 0.48	− 0.83, − 0.13

^ Comparing reassured to concerned (ref), reassured was associated with greater use intentions and lower perceived addictiveness and harm. * Other tobacco includes hookah, cigar, pipe, and smokeless tobacco. Boldface indicates p < .05. In Israel-specific models, being Arabic (vs. Jewish) was positively correlated with intention to use for HTPs. No other country-specific differences in results in the US- or Israel-specific models

ISSN: 2045-4015