Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub
  • Original research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Factors affecting oral examinations and dental treatments among older adults in Israel

Israel Journal of Health Policy Research volume 8, Article number: 43 (2019) Cite this article

A Commentary to this article was published on 04 May 2020

Abstract

Background

Routine dental examinations are important for early diagnosis and treatment of dental problems among older adults in order to improve their quality of life and avoid costly future treatments. In Israel, a significant percentage of adults do not seek dental care.

Methods

The study is based on a 2017 telephone survey conducted among people aged 50–75 from different population groups in Israel to examine their health beliefs and attitudes toward dental treatments.

Results

The results show that among older adults the decision to undergo routine dental checkups is affected by socio-demographic status and health beliefs regarding dental health. Lower age, higher income levels, and Jewish religion predicted higher chances of frequent checkups. In addition, those who saw the benefits of routine checkups, believed that dentists were readily available, and had higher levels of health motivation were more likely to seek out routine dental care.

Conclusions

According to the recent dental reform in Israel, people aged 75 and over are eligible for subsidized dental treatments. To enhance the frequency of dental checkups among older adults, it is recommended to provide this subsidized coverage for adults under age 75. In addition, planning dental health services for individuals in this age group should be based upon their accepted beliefs and values. Moreover, systematic health education through the media and health maintenance organizations should specifically target this population group to encourage them to undergo dental checkups more frequently.

Background

Routine oral examinations and dental treatment for the older adult population play an important role in preventing health issues, improving quality of life, and reducing healthcare system costs [1, 2]. The demographic revolution reflected in the growing numbers of older adults in the general population poses new challenges for dental health professionals regarding how to provide appropriate and affordable oral care [3]. Poor oral hygiene can lead to overall deficient health and enhance the risk of chronic illness, mostly due to common risk factors such as infections [2, 4].

International comparisons provided by the WHO indicate that Israel has a high rate of dentists per capita compared to countries with similar welfare status.Footnote 1 Yet, oral hygiene among older adults in Israel is poor. About one-third of people aged 65 and over reported difficulties in chewing food [5]. According to the Israel Ministry of Health’s 2013 report, costs for dental medicine constitute around 26% of the family healthcare basket. Currently, the level of expenditure for private healthcare, including dental treatment, among low and high income individuals is similar [6]. Only a small percentage of older adults in need of dental services are entitled to dental treatments subsidized by the welfare services [7]. In February 2019, Israel instituted a dental care reform for older adults. According to this reform, people aged 75 and older are eligible for one periodic dental checkup per year and one dental hygienist visit every 6 months, free of charge. Other types of dental treatments to preserve good dentition and prevent future dental disease are available at modest deductible fees ranging from 34 to 136 New Israeli Shekels (about $10–$40) per treatment. A recent study by Sgan-Cohen et al. notes that the current dental component of the Israeli National Health Insurance Law covers children and people aged 75 and over but excludes adults aged 19–74. The authors call for government coverage for all Israelis regardless of age [8].

The current study examines the factors that influence older adults in Israel in deciding whether to undergo routine dental examinations and treatments. To the best of our knowledge, there is a lacuna in the research examining this topic in Israel. The aim of the current study is to fill this void.

Literature review

Compliance with routine dental examinations and treatments has been linked to various factors, among them socio-demographic, economic, and psychological factors as well as attitudes and beliefs toward oral hygiene and dental treatments. Various studies have examined the factors affecting oral hygiene [9,10,11]. Some found that older adults with poor physical health and low financial and social status are more likely to have untreated dental issues as well [12,13,14].

A recent meta-analysis points to major global inequalities in dental service utilization. [12]. Based upon data from the international SHARE survey (Waves 2–3), Listl [15] examined the rate of social-financial inequality in routine dental examinations throughout the life span of people aged 50 and above in 13 European countries. Overall, routine dental care and preventive treatment were found to be comparatively high in five countries (the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland) and comparatively low in another five (Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Poland and Ireland). In all the participating countries, a higher level of education was associated with greater chances of undergoing routine dental examinations throughout life. In most of the participating countries, the level of inequality in dental examinations remained constant throughout life.

Zini et al. [16] conducted a study among disadvantaged cohorts of older adults in Israel. The study found that people who are unmarried, live independently at home, are cared for by a family member, were born in Western countries, and have income from a pension are more likely to get routine dental examinations. Zlotnick et al. [17] found that the use of primary dental services increased between 2000 and 2010 in Israel. Yet, this study also found disparities in primary dental care use based on income, immigrant and ethnic minority status, and health risks such as smoking. The analytical model in Soskolne et al. [5] based on data waves 1 and 2 of the SHARE survey for people aged 65 and over in Israel yielded similar results. The model’s findings indicate that age, economic status, and interview language were significant factors affecting the probability of seeking dental treatment. In another study conducted among older adults in Israel, 17% reported that their quality of life was affected by oral hygiene and dental health issues [18]. Those who had visited a dentist within the past year, had their own teeth and no dentures, and reported no chewing problems had better dietary intake [19].

Dental treatments costs are considered a significant obstacle to dental care, pointing to financial inequality [20,21,22]. For example, Singh et al. [21] showed that poorer oral health among adults in Australia is related to lower levels of household income. Hakeberg and Wide Boman [22] found associations between refraining from dental care for financial reasons and socioeconomic status among adult individuals. These studies clearly point to a need to reduce this inequality by including dental health costs within national health insurance or other health insurance coverage.

McIntyre, Theide, and Birch [23] proposed a framework model for consumption of dental health services. The model included three dimensions that affect willingness to seek treatment: a) affordability, which refers to financial access or ability to afford goods or services; b) availability (physical access); and c) acceptability (cultural access). Yet based on the SHARE survey, Listl [24] found that only a small proportion of older adults (ranging from 7% in Israel to 0.5% in Austria) cited financial reasons for foregoing dental treatments.

In addition to the literature highlighting the importance of socio-demographic factors in the use of preventive health services, including dental examinations, a large body of literature discusses the role of health beliefs and preventive health behavior. This literature is based on theoretical models such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), Reasoned Action, and others that encompass beliefs regarding health and obstacles that prevent healthy behavior. The HBM was developed by Rosenstock et al. to explain why people attend programs for illness prevention or diagnosis [25]. The model assumes that individuals’ behavior is affected by their beliefs regarding the subjective values of the outcomes as well as their subjective expectations regarding the possibility that the preventive behavior will achieve the desirable outcome. The factors affecting preventive health behavior include personal perceived susceptibility to illness (e.g., assessment of risk of dental and oral problems), perceived disease seriousness (e.g., dental problems), perceived benefits of preventive actions (e.g., routine dental examinations), and barriers to taking such actions (e.g., treatment costs, fear of examination). The HBM has been implemented in numerous studies examining health issues in general and dental health issues in particular [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. For example, according to the theoretical study by Flaer et al. [30], the following HBM categories affect preventive dental health behavior: personal perception of probability of dental problems, perceived seriousness of dental illness, sense of self-efficacy, and cues to action (e.g., examination recommendations). According to another recent study, the valid and reliable HBM-based questionnaire can be used to identify the potential barriers to optimal oral health behavior among pregnant women [34].

Most of the aforementioned articles examined the impact of the HBM on the decisions made by individuals from various population groups to take preventive actions to maintain oral hygiene and dental health. Yet the existing literature lacks studies examining the psychological and behavioral factors associated with decisions made by older adults with respect to their oral health. The current study adds to the existing literature through an empirical examination of the HBM principles as well as the socio-demographic and health factors associated with older adults’ decision to undergo routine dental examinations in Israel.

Hypothesis

Based on the Health Belief Model, we developed the following hypothesis regarding the decision to undergo routine dental checkups: Deciding whether to undergo routine dental checkups will depend on individuals’ attitudes and beliefs with respect to these checkups. In addition, the decision will depend on socio-demographic variables and economic status. More specifically, those who perceive they are more susceptible to dental diseases, believe that dental problems are serious, believe that dental exams have more benefits than drawbacks, have fewer barriers to dental checkups, and have higher levels of health motivation will be more likely to undergo routine dental checkups and will have stronger intentions to undergo checkups the following year.

This hypothesis is based partially on the theoretical HBM prediction in Flaer et al. [30] and on the empirical findings in Shahrabani et al. [32] with respect to mothers’ decisions to take their children for dental examinations.

Methods

In 2017, a professional polling company conducted a telephone survey among a sample of Israeli adults aged 50–74. The aim of this survey was to examine whether older adults in Israel had undergone dental checkups during the past year, as well as to examine the frequency with which they undergo routine examinations and, more importantly, their intentions to undergo dental checkups in the following year.

Sample and sampling

The sample the polling company selected for the telephone survey was initially based on probability sampling of groups defined by socio-demographic characteristics.Footnote 2 The sample size was chosen based on the distribution of these sub-groups according to socio-demographic variables and residential area. The sample included 608 respondents: 429 from the Jewish population and 179 from the Arab population. The filter question was: “Is there at least one individual in the household between the ages of 50 and 75?” The 1035 households that were sampled constituted the research population. Of these, 608 returned completed questionnaires (58.74% response rate). Of the remaining questionnaires, 115 did not respond, 301 refused to participate, and 11 answered partially. The interviews were conducted in Hebrew, Russian and Arabic.

Questionnaire

The questionnaire comprised the following parts:

  1. 1.

    Personal details: socioeconomic information; age; marital status; education; nationality; year of immigration; degree of religiousness (1 = not at all religious, 5 = very religious); household income (1 = above average, 5 = much lower than average); place of residence; health maintenance organization membership; supplemental insurance and/or private dental insurance; accessibility to dental clinics.

  2. 2.

    Frequency of regular dental checkups and whether participant had dental checkups during the last 2 years. Intention to undergo a dental checkup during the next year (1 = certainly yes, 5 = certainly no). Did participant undergo dental treatments after problems were diagnosed by routine tests? Did participant forego dental treatments because of financial cost? Did participant receive recommendation to get dental checkups? To what extent is participant concerned about dental treatments (1 = not at all, 5 = very much)? Does participant believe that “you only need to visit a dentist when you are in pain”?

  3. 3.

    Perceived health status and oral health status (1 = very good, 5 = very bad); number of missing teeth; extent to which participant maintains routine oral hygiene.

  4. 4.

    HBM variables by categories: perceived importance of dental checkups; perceived seriousness of dental problems; perceived susceptibility to dental problems; perceived benefits of checkups; barriers to checkups; and health motivation.Footnote 3

The model’s constructs are illustrated in Table 4 (Appendix). Response possibilities ranged from 1 = strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree. Additionally, the questionnaire included questions concerning degree of trust in the dentist and extent of fear of dental checkups. The questionnaire was translated into Hebrew, Arabic and Russian. In the first stage, a pilot questionnaire was administered to 50 individuals, and after improvements were made, the final format was developed.

Statistical data analysis methods

SPSS 20 software was used for statistical analysis of the data. Chi-square testing was used to define the relationship between the categorical variables (including personal factors) and the dependent variables: frequency of checkups and intention to get a checkup in the following year. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the statistical significance of the differences in the averages of the sequential variables (e.g., scales of measure for HBM variables) among the different groups. Cronbach alpha was calculated for the HBM constructs. Additionally, two types of regression analysis were used: a) ordered logistic regression to identify the influence of the demographic variables, the HBM categories, and additional variables concerning the use of dental services, and b) logistic regression to identify the intention to get a checkup the following year.

Results

Use of dental services according to socio-demographic and other variables

The total sample included 608 participants: 47.2% reported getting dental checkups at least once a year, 7.5% once every 2 years, and 45.3% less often than every 2 years. In addition, 75.4% indicated a strong intention to undergo checkups in the next 12 months, compared to 18.9% of the sample that indicated weak or no intentions of getting dental checkups in the next 12 months and 5.7% who were undecided about whether to undergo checkups in the next year.

Table 1 summarizes the distribution of the entire sample according to different characteristics (column 3). Additionally, Table 1 compares the percentage of each characteristic according to: a) frequency of dental checkups (columns 4 and 5 compare the percentages of those who get dental checkups every year with those who get checkups less frequently than every 2 years, if at all)Footnote 4; b) intention to undergo checkups in the next 12 months (columns 7 and 8 compare the percentages of those who intend to get checkups with those who do not).Footnote 5

Table 1 Survey data—Frequency of dental checkups and intention to undergo dental examination according to socio-demographic and other characteristics
Full size table

Table 1 shows that the rate of annual dental checkups is significantly higher among Jews, younger participants, those with higher education, those with higher household income, those with dental insurance, those who assess their oral health status as good, and those who maintain good oral hygiene.

Table 1 also shows that the rate of intention to undergo dental checkups in the next 12 months is significantly higher among women, younger participants, those with higher education, those with higher household income, those with dental insurance, those who maintain good oral hygiene, and those who received a recommendation to undergo dental checkups.

Additionally, participants in the sample who were asked why they avoid routine dental checkups gave the following main reasons: a) financial cost (45.9%), b) lack of time (30.8%), c) fear of pain (23.8%).

Results for HBM categories and attitudes

Table 2 shows the mean values and standard deviations for the HBM model categories and for additional variables, including degree of trust in the dentist, dentist availability, fear of dental checkups, degree of avoiding dental care due to high financial costs, and degree of agreement with the statement: “you only need to go to the dentist when you’re in pain.” The mean values of these variables are shown according to frequency of dental checkups and intention to undergo routine dental checkups in the next 12 months. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients are reported in Table 4 in the Appendix.Footnote 6

Table 2 Mean and Standard Deviations of HBM variables and attitudes by frequency of checkups and by intentions to undergo checkups next year
Full size table

The results in Table 2 suggest that, in line with our hypothesis, frequency of dental checkups and intention to undergo a checkup in the next 12 months were significantly higher for those who: a) perceived dental health to be more important; b) perceived dental problems to be more serious; c) perceived the benefits of dental checkups to be greater; d) perceived that dentists were more available; e) were less likely to forego dental treatments because of financial costs; f) believed to a lower extent that "you only need to go to the dentist when you’re in pain; and g) have higher health motivation. In addition, the frequency of dental checkups was significantly higher among those who have a higher degree of trust in dentists, while the intention to undergo checkups was significantly higher among those who perceived they were more susceptible to dental problems.

Results of analytical model

Table 3 summarizes the results of the two regressions analyses. The first analysis (Table 3, columns 2–3) shows the results of the ordered logistics regression that examined the factors influencing the dependent variable: frequency of dental checkups (coded as five categories: once a year, once every 2 years, once every 3 years, less than once every 3 years, and not at all). The second analysis (Table 3, columns 4–5) shows the results of the logistics regression that examined the factors influencing the dependent variable: intention to undergo a dental checkup the following year (0 = do not intend to undergo, 1 = intend to undergo; the category “do not know” was omitted).

Table 3 Results of the analytical survey model: Factors influencing checkup frequency and intention to undergo dental checkups
Full size table

The explanatory variables for the regressions were as follows: age group, gender, family income, nationality, marital status, whether participant received recommendation to undergo a dental checkup, and the HBM categories of perceived benefits, perceived importance of dental checkups, dentist availability, and health motivation.Footnote 7

The results in Table 3 (columns 2–3) show that after controlling for the rest of the explanatory variables, the variables that significantly influenced frequency of dental checkups were: a) the HBM categories of perceived benefits of dental examinations and health motivation; more specifically, the chances of getting frequent checkups rise as the perceived benefits of dental checkups and the level of health motivation increase; b) perceived availability of dentists; the chances of getting frequent checkups increase as the perceived availability of dentists increases; c) socio-demographic characteristics: lower age, higher income, and being Jewish predicted higher chances of getting frequent checkups. These findings are compatible with our hypothesis.

The results in Table 3 (columns 4–5) show that the following variables significantly influenced the intention to undergo a dental checkup the following year. First, the three HBM categories—perceived benefits of dental examinations, perceived importance of dental examinations, and health motivation—exerted a major impact. In addition, recommendation for checkups and dentist availability exhibited a marginal effect. More specifically, the intention to get a checkup in the following year increases as the following factors increase: individuals’ perceived benefits and perceived importance of dental checkups, perceived availability of dentists, level of health motivation, and recommendations for dental checkups. These findings are compatible with our hypothesis. Second, the following socio-demographic characteristics also predicted greater intentions of getting dental checkups: lower age, being single, and having higher income levels.

Discussion

The results of a telephone survey among a national sample of Israelis aged 50–75 suggest that fewer than 50 % (47.2%) get dental checkups at least once a year, while most (52.8%) undergo dental checkups less frequently, if at all. Nevertheless, most of the participants (75.4%) indicated strong intentions of undergoing checkups in the next 12 months.

The current study empirically confirms the theoretical prediction of the HBM model [31] with respect to dental checkups among older people. The findings indicate that the chances of getting frequent checkups increase as the following factors increase: perceived benefits of dental checkups, perception of dentist availability, and level of health motivation. In addition, the findings indicate that the intention to get checkups in the following year increases as the following factors increase: individuals’ perceived benefits and perceived importance of dental checkups, perceived dentist availability, level of health motivation, and recommendation to get dental checkups.

These results with respect to the HBM categories are compatible with the findings of Shahrabani et al. [32] that dental checkups were significantly more frequent among children whose mothers perceived dental health as more important, perceived routine dental checkups as more beneficial, and had fewer barriers to dental checkups. Yet, as predicted by the HBM theoretical study of Flaer et al. [30], the current study did not find support for other HBM categories, such as perceived probability of dental illness and perceived seriousness of dental illness. One possible explanation is that the effect of health beliefs on health prevention behavior and intentions depends on the study population. The psychological factors affecting young people may be different than those affecting people aged 50 and above.

The results of our analytical model also show that the use of dental services and the intention to undergo dental checkups are significantly greater among socioeconomically strong populations. Lower age, higher income levels, and being Jewish predicted greater chances of getting frequent checkups, while lower age, being single, and higher income levels predicted greater intentions to get dental checkups. These results emphasize the unequal use of dental services among older people in Israel in that those with high economic status tend to make more use of dental services than those with low economic status. These results are also compatible with previous studies that found that older adults with low financial and social status are more likely to have untreated dental issues [12, 13].

The current study has some limitations. One is that the questionnaire included recall behavior questions regarding participants’ dental checkups. Recalled answers can be inaccurate and can also be affected by social desirability bias. Yet, the majority of the participants (52.8%) reported that they had not undergone dental checkups during the last year, while most (75.4%) declared they intended to get dental checkups in the coming year.

Conclusions

Under the recent Israeli dental care reform for the older population, people aged 75 and over are eligible for dental checkups free of charge and basic treatments at a modest deductible fee. The results of the current research with respect to people aged 50–75 underscore the need to implement this dental reform in Israel for those younger than 75, since the majority of those in this age group do not get the necessary dental checkups. Expanding the dental reform to older adults under 75 can minimize gaps in Israeli society regarding dental health for older adults.

In view of the finding that perceived availability of dentists is a significant factor in the probability of getting dental treatment, broader national distribution of dental clinics is required to provide older adults suitable access to dental care. Moreover, health services for the older adult population should be planned according to beliefs and values acceptable among this population group [35].

The findings of the current study indicate that those who speak Arabic are less likely to undergo dental treatments than those who speak Hebrew. Therefore, in order for medical treatment to be effective, it must take into consideration the cultural aspects of the target population (e.g., language). This conclusion is in line with the findings of Marino et al. [36] with respect to other countries.

Another conclusion emerges from the findings that health beliefs affect the probability and intention to undergo routine dental examinations: This population group should be the target of systematic health education through the media and health maintenance organizations. The information should emphasize the importance of dental health and the benefits of routine checkups in preventing dental problems, thus encouraging older adults to get dental checkups more frequently. In fact, systematic health education with respect to oral health may also help in successfully implementing the new dental reform for people aged 75 and over.

Notes

  1. In 2012, there were 69.1 dentists for every 10,000 persons in the Israeli population [37].

  2. The survey was conducted by a professional institution for public opinion surveys (Cohen Institution, affiliated with Tel Aviv University).

  3. This part of the questionnaire was based partially on the HBM questionnaires developed by Flaer et al. [30], Nakazono et al. [31] and Buglar et al. [38].

  4. The category “every 2 years” was omitted to emphasize the difference between the two other categories.

  5. The category “do not know” was omitted for the same reasons.

  6. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for all categories were above 0.65, except for the category of perceived barriers, which was lower. Therefore Table 2 displays separate constructs for the barriers.

  7. In several versions of the regression analyses we used various HBM categories and other control variables, including health status and dental status variables. The final versions of the regression analysis are presented after the regression analysis was fine-tuned and the steps with insignificant variables were removed.

Abbreviations

HBM:

The Health Belief Model

SHARE:

Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe

WHO:

World Health Organization

References

  1. Tonetti MS, Jepsen S, Jin L, Otomo Corgel J. Impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health, nutrition and wellbeing of mankind: a call for global action. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44:456–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Jin LJ, Lamster IB, Greenspan JS, Pitts NB, Scully C, Warnakulasuriya S. Global burden of oral diseases: emerging concepts, management and interplay with systemic health. Oral Dis. 2016;22:609–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Yellowitz JA, Schneiderman MT. Elder's oral health crisis. J Evid-Based Dent Pr. 2014;14:191–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gil-Montoya JA, de Mello ALF, Barrios R, Gonzalez-Moles MA, Bravo M. Oral health in the elderly patient and its impact on general well-being: a nonsystematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:461.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Soskolne V, Auslander G, Soskolne O. Explaining variables for long-term dental health services use among elders in Israel. In: Achdut L, Litwin H, editors. Changes in the second half of life. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University; 2013. p. 175–96.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chernichovsky D, Blaich H, Regev E. Private expenditure on health in Israel. Israel: Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel; 2016. in Hebrew

    Google Scholar 

  7. Berg-Warman AP, Zusman SP, Sasson A. Dental treatment needs of vulnerable elderly in Israel – data from “smile again” project. Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;43:93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Sgan-Cohen HD, Tobias G, Zini A. Is the oral health reform in Israel optimally distributed? - A Commentary. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 2019;8:33.

  9. Griffin SO, Jones JA, Brunson D, Griffin PM, Bailey WD. Burden of oral disease among older adults and implications for public health priorities. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:411–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Tchicaya A, Lorentz N. Socioeconomic inequalities in the non-use of dental care in Europe. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Nasseh K, Vujicic M. Dental care utilization rate highest ever among children continues to decline among working-age adults. Health Policy Institute Research Brief, American Dental Association. 2014.

  12. Reda SF, Reda SM, Thomson WM, Schwendicke F. Inequality in utilization of dental services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:e1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Niesten D, Witter DJ, Bronkhorst EM, Creugers NH. Oral health care behavior and frailty-related factors in a care-dependent older population. J Dent. 2017;61:39–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wanyonyi KL, Radford DR, Gallagher JE. Dental treatment in a state-funded primary dental care facility: contextual and individual predictors of treatment need? PLoS One. 2017;12:e0169004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Listl S. Inequalities in dental attendance throughout the life-course. J Dent Res. 2012;91:S91–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Zini A, Vered Y, Sgan-Cohen HD. The association between demographic and oral health-related quality of life factors and dental care attendance among underprivileged older people. Australas J Ageing. 2011;30:70–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Zlotnick C, Baron-Epel O, Zusman SP, Keinan-Boker L. Trends and predictors of primary dental care health services for adults in Israel. Community Dent Health. 2014;31:212–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Zusman SP, Kushnir D, Natapov L, Goldsmith R, Dichtiar R. Oral health-related quality of life in the elderly in Israel - results from the National Health and nutrition survey of the elderly 2005-2006. Oral Hlth Prev Dent. 2016;14:117–23.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Natapov L, Kushnir D, Goldsmith R, Dichtiar R, Zusman SP. Dental status, visits, and functional ability and dietary intake of elderly in Israel. Is J Health Policy Res. 2018;7:58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Thompson B, Cooney P, Lawrence H, Ravaghi V, Quiñonez C. Cost as a barrier to accessing dental care: findings from a Canadian population-based study. J Public Health Dent. 2014;74:210–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Singh A, Harford J, Antunes JLF, Peres MA. Area-level income inequality and oral health among Australian adults—a population-based multilevel study. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0191438.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Hakeberg M, Wide Boman U. Dental care attendance and refrainment from dental care among adults. Acta Odontol Scand. 2017;75:366–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. McIntyre DI, Thiede M, Birch S. Access as a policy-relevant concept in low-and middle-income countries. Health Econ Policy L. 2009;4:179–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Listl S. Oral health conditions and cognitive functioning in middle and later adulthood. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Rosenstock LM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Educ Quart. 1988;15:175–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wilson AR, Brega AG, Thomas JF, Henderson WG, Lind KE, Braun PA, et al. Validity of measures assessing Oral health beliefs of American Indian parents. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018;5:1–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. CP K, HM T, KM N. Oral health beliefs and dental caries among children of Udupi District. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2017;10:997–1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Htun KCSS, Peltzer K, Jayasvasti I. Oral health knowledge, beliefs and behaviour among adult men and women aged 35-65 years in an urban area in Magway region, Myanmar. Gender Behav. 2018;16:11026–34.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Goodarzi A, Heidarnia A, Tavafian SS, Eslami M. Predicting oral health behaviors among Iranian students by using health belief model. J Educ Health Promot. 2019;8:10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Flaer PJ, Younis MZ, Benjamin PL, Al Hajeri M. A psychosocial approach to dentistry for the underserved: incorporating theory into practice. J Health Care Financ. 2010;37:101–8.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Nakazono TT, Davidson PL, Andersen RM. Oral health beliefs in diverse populations. Adv Dent Res. 1997;11:235–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Shahrabani S, Benzion U, Machnes Y, Gal A. The use of dental services for children: implications of the 2010 dental reform in Israel. Health Policy. 2015;119:117–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rahmati-Najarkolaei F, Rahnama P, Gholami Fesharaki M, Yahaghi H, Yaghoubi M. Determinants of dental health behaviors of Iranian students based on the health belief model (HBM). Shiraz E-Med J. 2016;17(7–8):e39268. https://doi.org/10.17795/semj39268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Bahramian H, Mohebbi SZ, Khami MR, Shahbazi Sighaldeh SA. Health belief model-based instrument for assessing factors affecting Oral health behavior during pregnancy. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2017;19(8):e58266. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.58266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lo E, Tan HP. Cultural challenges to oral healthcare implementation in elders. Gerontology. 2014;3:72–6.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Marino R, Morgan M, Hopcraft M. Transcultural dental training: addressing the oral health care needs of people from culturally diverse backgrounds. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012;40:134–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. World Health Organization. Oral health country/area profile project. 2014. World health organization website. . http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country.country-ISR.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Buglar ME, White KM, Robinson NG. The role of self-efficacy in dental patients’ brushing and flossing: testing an extended health belief model. Patient Educ Couns. 2010;78:269–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The financial support of the Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research is gratefully acknowledged (research grant no. R/92/2016).

Funding

The financial support is from the Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research (research grant no. R/92/2016). The funding of the Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research has no role in any part of the study (including the design of the study, collection, analysis, interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript).

Availability of data and materials

The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available from author upon request.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Economics and Management Department and Head of Research Authority, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, P.O. 19300, Emek Yezreel, Israel

    Shosh Shahrabani

Authors
  1. Shosh Shahrabani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SS designed the study, performed the analysis, wrote the paper and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shosh Shahrabani.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The ethics committee of the Max Stern Yezreel Valley College in Israel approved the current research (No. 2016–43).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The author declares that she has no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 4 Health beliefs model (HBM) categories and other variables*
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shahrabani, S. Factors affecting oral examinations and dental treatments among older adults in Israel. Isr J Health Policy Res 8, 43 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-019-0312-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-019-0312-x

Keywords

Israel Journal of Health Policy Research

ISSN: 2045-4015